Considering that viruses are always one step ahead, you can install and use any popular antivirus that has an activity monitor - this is a scanner for regularly checking your computer, providing real-time protection. Meanwhile, do not forget that antivirus databases need to be updated at least once a week. For ideal protection - once every 2-3 days.

Let's look at all the pros and cons of the most popular antiviruses: NOD32, Avast, Kaspersky and Dr.Web.

Minuses
High performance, but the antivirus puts a large load on the system. You should not install it on weak computers. Fortunately, today we are like this weak computers only some laptops remain.

pros
Instantly detects almost all types of viruses, good speed analysis and processing, reliable and efficient scanner. Excellent virus detection. In addition, among other things, there is a built-in firewall - protection against access to confidential data on your computer.
I think, best antivirus and many will agree with me. Instantly catches all viruses and denies access to phishing and adult sites. Very flexible setup and many useful functions, which sooner or later will definitely come in handy.

DrWeb

Minuses
The interface is very inconvenient and quite complicated for many. The antivirus has much fewer functions than Kaspersky antivirus. The speed and efficiency of operation is quite low, as a result of which the load on the system is much less. Very poor virus detection - some very dangerous viruses sometimes they manage to slip through.

pros
Doesn't put a lot of stress on the system. Can also be used on weak computers.

NOD32

pros
nod32 has high processing speed and minimal system load.

Minuses
It has long been known that free software is not always of high quality, so protecting your computer from viruses will not be effective or powerful enough. A huge number of false positives that constantly distract from work.

pros
Virus protection can be rated as average. Not so far behind the most powerful antiviruses. It is recommended for installation by those who are not very concerned about protecting their computer and need to save money. Antivirus Avast is free- this is its main advantage.
* * *

From all this, we can only draw one conclusion: of the antiviruses reviewed, Kaspersky Anti-Virus is the leader, but the choice is still yours. Of course, there are still plenty of antiviruses, but publishing their pros and cons will take quite a lot of time, which, as always, is sorely lacking.

Structure and classification of viruses

Viruses include to the kingdomVira . This

tiny microbes (“filterable agents”),

not having a cellular structure, a protein synthesizing system,

They are autonomous genetic structures and are distinguished by a special, disconnected (disjunctive) method of reproduction (reproduction): the nucleic acids of viruses and their proteins are separately synthesized in the cell, then they are assembled into viral particles.

The formed viral particle is called virion.

The morphology and structure of viruses are studied Withusing electron microscopy, since their sizes are small and comparable to the thickness of the bacterial shell.

The shape of virions may varynoah (fig.):

rod-shaped (tobacco mosaic virus),

bullet-shaped (rabies virus),

spherical (poliomyelitis viruses, HIV),

filamentous (filoviruses),

in the form of sperm (many bacteriophages).

The size of viruses is determined by:

With using electronic microscopy,

by ultrafiltration method through filters with a known pore diameter,

method ultracentrifugation.

The smallest viruses are parvoviruses (18 nm) and poliovirus (about 20 nm), the largest is the variola virus (about 350 nm).

There are DNA- and RNA-containing virusessy. They usually haploid, i.e. they have one set of genes. Exception are retroviruses with a diploid genome. The genome of viruses contains from six to several hundred genes and is represented by various typesnucleic acids:

double-stranded,

single-stranded,

linear,

ring,

fragmented.

There are also RNA viruses with negative (minus strand RNA) genemom. The minus strand RNA of these viruses performs only a hereditary function.

There are:

just made viruses (for example, polio viruses, hepatitis A) and

complex viruses (for example, measles, influenza, herpes viruses, coronaviruses).

U simply designed viruses(Fig.) the nucleic acid is associated with a protein shell called capsid(from lat. capsa- case). The capsid consists of repeating morphological subunits - capsomers. The nucleic acid and capsid interact with each other and are collectively called nucleocapsid.

U complex viruses(Fig.) the capsid is surrounded by lipoprotein shellswhoa- supercapsid, or peplos. The virus envelope is a derived structure from the membranes of the virus-infected cell. On the virus shell are located glycoproteother"spikes" or "spikes" (ash meters, or supercapsid proteins). Under the shell of some viruses is M protein.

Thus,just made viruses consist of nucleic acid and capsid.Complex viruses consist of nucleic acid, capsid and lipoprotein shell.

Virions have:

spiral,

icosahedral(cubic) or complex type of symmetry of the capsid (nucleocapsid).

Spiral type symmetry is due to the helical structure of the nucleocapsid (for example, in influenza viruses, coronaviruses). Icosahedral type symmetry is due to the formation of an isometrically hollow body from a capsid containing viral nucleic acid (for example, in the herpes virus).

The capsid and shell (supercapsid) protect virions from environmental influences, determine selective interaction (adsorption) with certain cells, as well as the antigenic and immunogenic properties of virions.

The internal structures of viruses are called gray dcevina. In adenoviruses, the core consists of histone-like proteins associated with DNA, in reoviruses - from proteins of the internal capsid.

The following are used in virology yessonomiccategories :

family (name ends with viridae),

subfamily (name ends in virinae),

genus (name ends in virus).

However, the names of genera and especially subfamilies are not given for all viruses. The virus species did not receive a binomial name, like bacteria.

The basis for the classification of polo viruseswives the following categories:

nucleino typevoic acid (DNA or RNA), its structurenumber of threads (one or two), especiallyreproduction rate of the viral genome(Table 2.3),

size and morphology of virions,number of capsomeres and type of symmetrynucleocapsid, the presence of a shell (supercapsid).

sensitivity to ether and deoxycholate,

breeding site in the cell,

antigenic properties, etc.

Viruses infect vertebrate and invertebrate animals, as well as bacteria and plants. Being the main causative agents of human infectious diseases, they also participate in the processes of carcinogenesis and can be transmitted in various ways, including through the placenta (rubella viruses, cytomegalovirus lia, etc.), affecting the human fetus. They canlead to post-infectious complications - the development of myocarditis, pancreatitis, immunodeficiency, etc.

In addition to ordinary (canonical) viruses, infectious molecules are known that are not viruses and are called prions. Prions- the term proposed by S. Prusiner is an anagram of the English words “infectious protein particle.” The cellular form of normal prion protein (PgRS) is present in the body of mammals, including humans, and performs a number of regulatory functions. It is encoded by the PrP gene, located on the short arm of human chromosome 20. In prion diseases in the form of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, kuru, etc.), the prion protein acquires a different, infectious form, designated as PgR & (Sc - from scrapie - scrapie, a prion infection of sheep and goats). This infectious prion protein has the appearance of fibrils and differs from normal prion protein in its tertiary or quaternary structure.

Other unusual agents closely related to viruses are viroids- small molecules of circular, supercoiled RNA that do not contain

3.3. Physiology of viruses

Viruses- obligate intracellular parasites, capable only of intracellular reproduction. In a virus-infected cell, viruses can remain in various states:

reproduction of numerous new virions;

the presence of the virus nucleic acid in an integrated state with the cell chromosome (in the form of a provirus);

existence in the cytoplasm of the cell in the form of circular nucleic acids, reminiscent of bacterial plasmids.

Therefore, the range of disorders caused by the virus is very wide: from a pronounced productive infection ending in cell death, to prolonged interaction of the virus with the cell in the form of a latent infection or malignant transformation of the cell.

Distinguish three types of virus interactionwith cage: productive, abortive and integrative.

1. Productive type - ends with the formation of a new generation of virions and death (lysis) of infected cells (cytolytic form). Some viruses leave cells without destroying them (non-cytolytic form).

Abortive type - does not end with the formation of new virions, since the infectious process in the cell is interrupted at one of the stages.

Integrative type, or virogeny - characterized by the incorporation (integration) of viral DNA in the form of a provirus into the cell chromosome and their coexistence (co-replication).

Reproduction of viruses (productive)

Productive type of interaction sa with the cell, i.e. reproduction virus (lat. re - repetition, productio - production), takes place in 6 stages:

1) adsorption virions on the cell;

2) penetration virus into a cell;

3) "strip" and release of the viral genome (virus deproteinization);

4) synthesisviral components;

5) formation virions;

6) virion yield from the cell.

These stages differ for different viruses.

Adsorption of viruses. The first stage of viral reproduction is adsorption, i.e., attachment of the virion to the cell surface. It occurs in two phases. The first phase is nonspecific, caused by ionic attraction between the virus and the cell, including other mechanisms. Second phase adsorption - highly specific cheskaya, due to homology and complementarity of receptors of sensitive cells and the viral protein ligands that “recognize” them. Proteins on the surface of viruses that recognize specific cellular receptors and interact with them , are called attach telny proteins (mainly glycoprotein ines) as part of the lipoprotein membrane.

Specific receptors cells have a different nature, being proteins, lipids, carbohydrate components of proteins, lipids, etc. Thus, the receptors for the influenza virus are sialic acid in the composition of glycoproteins and glycolipids (gangliosides) of respiratory tract cells. Rabies viruses are adsorbed on acetylcholine receptors of nervous tissue, and human immunodeficiency viruses are adsorbed on CO4 receptors of T-helpers, monocytes and dendritic cells. One cell contains from ten to one hundred thousand specific receptors, so tens and hundreds of virions can be adsorbed on it.

The presence of specific receptors underlies the selectivity of viruses to damage certain cells, tissues and organs. This is the so-called tropism (Greek tropos - turn, direction). For example, viruses that reproduce primarily in liver cells are called hepatotropic, in nerve cells - neurotropic, in immunocompetent cells - immunotropic, etc.

Penetration of viruses into cells. Viruses enter cells by receptor-dependent endocytosis (viropexis), or fusion of the viral envelope with the cell membrane, or as a result of a combination of these mechanisms.

1 . Receptor-dependent endocytosis occurs as a result of the capture and absorption of the virion by the cell: the cell membrane with the attached virion is invaginated to form an intracellular vacuole (endosome) containing the virus. Due to the ATP-dependent “proton” pump, the contents of the endosome are acidified, which leads to the fusion of the lipoprotein shell of the complex virus with the endosome membrane and the release of the viral nucleocapsid into the cell cytosol. Endosomes combine with lysosomes, which destroy the remaining viral components. The process of release of non-enveloped (simply organized) viruses from the endosome into the cytosol remains poorly understood.

2. Fusion of the virion shell with the cell membranewound characteristic only of some enveloped viruses (paramyxoviruses, retroviruses, herpesviruses), which contain fusion proteins. A point interaction of the viral fusion protein with the lipids of the cell membrane occurs, as a result of which the viral lipoprotein envelope integrates with the cell membrane, and the internal component of the virus enters the cytosol.

A) “Undressing” (deproteinization) of viruses. As a result, its internal component is released, which can cause an infectious process. The first stages of “undressing” of the virus begin during its penetration into the cell through the fusion of viral and cellular membranes or when the virus exits the endosome into the cytosol. The subsequent stages of “undressing” the virus are closely related to their intracellular transport to the sites of deproteinization. Different viruses have their own specialized “undressing” areas in the cell: for picornaviruses, in the cytoplasm with the participation of lysosomes and the Golgi apparatus; for herpes viruses - perinuclear space or pores of the nuclear membrane; for adenoviruses - first the cytoplasmic structures, and then the cell nucleus. The end products of “undressing” can be a nucleic acid, a nucleoprotein (nucleocapsid) or a virion core. Thus, the final product of picarnovirus stripping is a nucleic acid covalently linked to one of the internal proteins. And for many enveloped RNA-containing viruses, the final products of “undressing” can be nucleocapsids or cores, which not only do not interfere with the expression of the viral genome, but, moreover, protect it from cellular proteases and regulate subsequent biosynthetic processes.

B) Synthesis of viral components. Synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids of the virus, which is divided in time and space. Synthesis occurs in different parts of the cell, so this method of virus reproduction is called disJunctive(from lat. disjunctus - disunited).

WITH)Synthesis of viral proteins . In an infected cell, the viral genome encodes the synthesis of two groups of proteins:

1. non-structural proteins, serving the intracellular reproduction of the virus at its different stages;

2. structural proteins, which are part of the virion (genomic proteins associated with the virus genome, capsid and supercapsid proteins).

TOnon-structural white cam include: 1) enzymes for RNA or DNA synthesis (RNA or DNA polymerases), which ensure transcription and replication of the viral genome; 2) regulatory proteins; 3) precursors of viral proteins, characterized by their instability as a result of rapid cutting into structural proteins; 4) enzymes that modify viral proteins, for example, proteinases and protein kinases.

Protein synthesis in the cell is carried out in accordance with well-known processes transcriptions (from lat. transcriptio - rewriting) by “rewriting” genetic information from nucleic acid into the nucleotide sequence of messenger RNA (mRNA) and broadcasts(from lat. translation - transmission) - reading mRNA on ribosomes to form proteins. The transmission of hereditary information regarding mRNA synthesis varies among different groups of viruses.

I . DNA-containing viruses implement genetic information in the same way as like the cellular genome, according to the scheme:

genomicVirus DNA-» transcriptionmRNA-» broadcastvirus protein.

Moreover, DNA-containing viruses use cellular polymerase for this process (viruses whose genomes are transcribed in the cell nucleus - adenoviruses, papovaviruses, herpesviruses) or their own RNA polymerase (viruses whose genomes are transcribed in the cytoplasm, for example poxviruses).

II . Plus-strand RNA viruses (for example, picornaviruses, flaviviruses, then gaviruses) have a genome that performs mRNA function; it is recognized and translated by ribosomes. Protein synthesis in these viruses occurs without the act of transcription according to the following scheme:

genomic RNA virus-> viral protein translation .

III. Minus-single-stranded RNA genome viruses (orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, rhabdoviruses) and double-stranded (reoviruses) serves as a template from which mRNA is transcribed with the participation of RNA polymerase associated with the nucleic acid of the virus. Their protein synthesis occurs according to the following scheme:

genomic RNA virus-» transcription and- RNA- broadcast virus protein.

IV. Retroviruses (human immunodeficiency viruses, oncogenic retroviruses) have a unique way of transmitting genetic information. The genome of retroviruses consists of two identical RNA molecules, i.e. it is diploid. Retroviruses contain a special virus-specific enzyme - reverse transcriptase, or revertase, with the help of which the process of reverse transcription is carried out, i.e., complementary single-stranded DNA (cDNA) is synthesized on the genomic RNA matrix. The complementary strand of DNA is copied to form double-stranded complementary DNA, which integrates into the cellular genome and is transcribed into mRNA by the cellular DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Protein synthesis for these viruses is carried out according to the following scheme:

genomic RNA virus-> complementary DNA-» transcription mRNA

-»broadcast virus protein.

Replication of viral genomes, i.e., the synthesis of viral nucleic acids leads to the accumulation in the cell of copies of the original viral genomes, which are used in the assembly of virions. The mode of genome replication depends on the type of virus nucleic acid, the presence of virus-specific or cellular polymerases, and also on the ability of viruses to induce the formation of polymerases in the cell.

The replication mechanism is different for viruses that have:

1) double-stranded DNA;

2) single-stranded DNA;

3) plus single-stranded RNA;

4) minus single-stranded RNA;

5) double-stranded RNA;

6) identical plus-strand RNAs (retroviruses).

1. Double-stranded LNA viruses . Replication of double-stranded viral DNA occurs by the usual semi-conservative mechanism: after the DNA strands unwind, new strands are complementarily added to them. Each newly synthesized DNA molecule consists of one parent and one newly synthesized strand. These viruses include a large group of viruses that contain double-stranded DNA in linear form (for example, herpesviruses, adenoviruses and poxviruses) or in a circular form, like papillomaviruses. In all viruses except poxviruses, transcription of the viral genome occurs in the nucleus.

A unique replication mechanism is characteristic of hepadnaviruses (hepatitis B virus). The genome of hepadnaviruses is represented by double-stranded circular DNA, one strand of which is shorter (incomplete plus strand) than the other strand. Initially it is being completed (Fig. 3.7). The complete double-stranded DNA is then transcribed by the cell's DNA-dependent RNA polymerase to produce small molecules of mRNA and complete single-stranded plus RNA. The latter is called pregenomic RNA; it is the template for viral genome replication. Synthesized mRNAs are involved in the process of protein translation, including viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase). With the help of this enzyme, the pregenomic RNA migrating into the cytoplasm is reverse transcribed into the minus strand of DNA, which, in turn, serves as a template for the synthesis of the plus strand of DNA. This process ends with the formation of double-stranded DNA containing an incomplete plus strand of DNA.

Single-stranded DNA viruses . The only representatives of single-stranded DNA viruses are parvoviruses. Parvoviruses use cellular DNA polymerases to create a double-stranded viral genome, the so-called replicative form of the latter. In this case, a minus strand of DNA is complementarily synthesized on the original viral DNA (plus strand), which serves as a template for the synthesis of the plus strand DNA of the new virion. In parallel, mRNA is synthesized and viral peptides are translated.

Plus single-stranded RNA viruses . These viruses include a large group of viruses - picornaviruses, flaviviruses, togaviruses (Fig. 3.8), in which the genomic plus-strand RNA performs the function of mRNA. For example, poliovirus RNA, after entering the cell, binds to ribosomes, working as mRNA, and on its basis a large polypeptide is synthesized, which is split into fragments: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, viral proteases and capsid proteins. Polymerase based on the genomic plus-strand RNA synthesizes minus-strand RNA; a temporary double RNA is formed, called a replication intermediate. This replication intermediate consists of a complete plus strand of RNA and numerous partially completed minus strands. Once all the minus strands are formed, they are used as templates for the synthesis of new plus strands of RNA. This mechanism is used both for the propagation of the genomic RNA of the virus and for the synthesis of a large number of viral proteins.

Minus single-stranded RNA viruses. Minus single-stranded RNA viruses (rhabdoviruses, paramyxoviruses, orthomyxoviruses) contain an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The genomic minus-strand RNA that has entered the cell is transformed by the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase into incomplete and complete plus-strand RNA. Incomplete copies act as mRNA for the synthesis of viral proteins. Full copies are a matrix (intermediate stage) for the synthesis of minus strands of genomic RNA of the offspring

Double-stranded RNA viruses. The mechanism of replication of these viruses (reoviruses and rotaviruses) is similar to the replication of minus-single-strand RNA viruses. The difference is that the plus strands formed during transcription function not only as mRNA, but also participate in replication: they are templates for the synthesis of minus strands RNA. The latter, in combination with plus-strand RNA, form genomic double-stranded RNA virions. Replication of the viral nucleic acids of these viruses occurs in the cytoplasm of cells.

6 . Retroviruses (plus-strand diploid RNA viruses). Retroviral reverse transcriptase synthesizes (on an RNA virus template) a minus strand of DNA, from which the plus strand of DNA is copied to form a double strand of DNA closed in a ring (Fig. 3.10). Next, the double strand of DNA integrates with the cell chromosome, forming a provirus. Numerous virion RNAs are formed as a result of transcription of one of the integrated DNA strands with the participation of cellular DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.

Formation of viruses. Virions are formed by self-assembly: the constituent parts of the virion are transported to the site of virus assembly - areas of the nucleus or cytoplasm of the cell. The connection of the virion components is determined byleno the presence of hydrophobic, ionic, hydrogen bonds and steric conformity.

There are the followinggeneral principles virus assemblies :

The formation of viruses is a multi-stage process with the formation of intermediate forms that differ from mature virions in the composition of polypeptides.

Assembly of simple viruses consists in the interaction of viral nucleic acids with capsid proteins and in the formation of nucleocapsids.

In complex viruses First, nucleocapsids are formed, which interact with modified cell membranes (the future lipoprotein envelope of the virus).

Moreover, the assembly of viruses replicating in the cell nucleus occurs with the participation of the nuclear membrane, and the assembly of viruses whose replication occurs in the cytoplasm is carried out with the participation of the endoplasmic reticulum or plasma membrane, where glycoproteins and other proteins of the virus envelope are embedded.

In a number of complex minus-strand RNA viruses (orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses) the assembly involves the so-called matrix protein (M protein), which is located under the modified cell membrane. Possessing hydrophobic properties, it acts as an intermediary between the nucleocapsid and the viral lipoprotein envelope.

□ Complex viruses during the formation process, they include some components of the host cell, such as lipids and carbohydrates.

Exit of viruses from the cell. The full cycle of viral reproduction is completed in 5-6 hours (influenza virus, etc.) or after several days (hepatoviruses, measles virus, etc.). The process of viral reproduction ends with their exit from the cell, which occurs explosively or by budding or exocytosis.

Blasting path: A large number of virions are simultaneously released from a dying cell. Simple viruses that do not have a lipoprotein shell emerge from the cell along the explosive path.

Budding, exotshpt inherent in viruses that have a lipoprotein envelope, which is a derivative of cell membranes. First, the resulting nucleocapsid or virion core is transported to cell membranes, into which virus-specific proteins are already embedded. Then, in the area of ​​​​contact of the nucleocapsid or the virion core with the cell membrane, protrusion of these areas begins. The formed bud is separated from the cell in the form of a complex virus. In this case, the cell is able to maintain viability for a long time and produce viral offspring.

Budding of viruses formed in the cytoplasm can occur either through the plasma membrane (for example, paramyxoviruses, togaviruses) or through the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum with their subsequent release to the cell surface (for example, bunyaviruses).

Viruses that form in the cell nucleus (for example, herpesviruses) bud into the perinuclear space through a modified nuclear membrane, thus acquiring a lipoprotein envelope. Then they are transported as part of cytoplasmic vesicles to the cell surface.

Throughout life, a person faces a huge number of dangers, one of which is infections. The virus spreads throughout the body, penetrating cells and devouring them. The infection can manifest itself very violently, but it can also remain latent for a long period, and sometimes for a lifetime.

Today, there are more than 450 viruses in medicine. According to the WHO, eighty percent of infectious diseases in the world are caused by strains.

Viruses

The spread of pathogens occurs from individual to individual, and an animal can also be a carrier. Viruses are divided into two types based on their shape:

1. Chronic, which affects the body over a long period.
2. Acute, when introduced into the body, rapid development of the disease occurs.

In this case, infections are accompanied by unpleasant symptoms, and many patients and doctors strive to quickly eliminate the symptoms of the pathological process with antibacterial drugs.

But it is necessary to understand that antimicrobial agents are not able to eliminate a viral infection.

A virus is not a cell, it cannot divide, it develops only in a living organism. An infected person is transformed into a portable incubator, which spreads the infection around itself through airborne droplets, as well as contact or other means.

Antibiotics against viruses and bacteria: do they help or not?

The most effective medicine for a viral infection is not antibacterial drugs, but antiviral medications.

Viral infections are divided into the following types:

1. Respiratory, which includes about 170 names of pathogens.
2. Intestinal lesions - have 90 names.
3. Arbovirus infection - about 100 species.
4. Hepatitis infections.
5. Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2.
6. Human papillomas - over 100 types.
7. Herpetic lesions, adenovirus infection, hantavirus infection and others.

Consider, for example, an acute respiratory viral infection that affects both adults and children. In ninety-nine percent of cases, inflammation is caused by a viral infection. The use against it is ineffective, because the drugs are aimed only at eliminating harmful bacteria.

On the contrary, the use of antibiotics in this situation is fraught with negative effects - these drugs destroy not only pathogens, but also beneficial bacteria, adversely affecting the immune system.

Have you heard that you take antibiotics for a virus? Perhaps these people are simply self-medicating! Unlike bacteria, viruses are just a system that is close to a life form. Doctors still cannot agree on whether this organism is alive or not.

So, antimicrobial agents are substances of plant or synthetic origin that can inhibit the growth of certain bacteria or provoke their death.

For this purpose, there are strong drugs that have the ability to influence large viruses, but at the same time cause harm to cells and protective system person. Therefore, in most situations there is no point in using it against viruses.

Why do doctors prescribe antibiotics against ARVI and other viral infections?

Why are antibiotics used against viruses or bacteria? Antimicrobial drugs are designed to stop the spread of bacterial inflammatory lesions in the underlying pathology.

The feasibility of such treatment is very questionable, since the destruction of all bacteria, without exception, takes away from the human body the ability to effectively fight ARVI.

Do antibiotics treat viruses in children? Rotavirus is common, and in most cases preschool children are exposed to it. The disease is characterized by inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract. The main symptom of rotavirus infection is sudden diarrhea.

Therapy in this situation is based on restoring the water-salt balance. Antibacterial agents are also often prescribed to prevent rotavirus in children.

Antibiotics for viral diseases

Antimicrobial drugs can be prescribed for the return of chronic otitis media, for severe symptoms of immunodeficiency, and for acute viral infections.

Are viruses treated with antibiotics in any special cases? There are a number of reasons when antibacterial agents are necessary:

1. Chronic inflammatory processes of the middle ear.
2. Underweight in children, vitamin D and calcium deficiency, weak immune system.
3. Signs of insufficiency of the body's protective functions, among which are frequent inflammatory processes, colds, unreasonable rise in temperature, fungal infections of the nail plate, regular digestive problems, autoimmune diseases, cancerous tumors, purulent processes.

Treatment for a virus with antibiotics is done to prevent certain complications. For example:

1. If a bacterial purulent sore throat appears with a viral disease, there is a streptococcal or anaerobic infection.
2. When inflammatory lesions occur in the lungs.
3. With the formation of inflammatory processes in the ears.

When a purulent infection joins a viral infection, the following is observed:

• damage to the lymph nodes;
• sinusitis (inflammation of the maxillary sinuses);
• phlegmon (acute diffuse purulent inflammation of the cellular spaces, unlike an abscess, does not have clear boundaries);
• bacteria affect the respiratory tract and throat.

The use of antibiotics against viruses is indicated for prophylactic purposes to prevent complications.

In case of rotavirus, it is necessary to carry out early diagnosis, rehydration, and also take adsorbent drugs - activated carbon, Smecta, Polysorb. Enterosorbents help connect viruses and “remove” them from the human body. As a rule, the use of antimicrobial agents to eliminate rotavirus infection is strictly contraindicated, so as not to destroy the already affected gastrointestinal tract.

If you have rotavirus, it is recommended to follow a diet and take medications that can replenish the water balance in the body (Regidron), and you should also use enzymes, including Pancreatin and Creon, which regenerate the microflora. But in rare situations, antimicrobial drugs are also prescribed against rotavirus infection. This is possible under the following conditions:

1. Suspected cholera with severe dehydration.
2. The presence of blood in the stool.
3. Chronic diarrhea that lasts more than ten days and in the presence of Giardia in the stool.

It must be remembered that antibiotics against viruses can be used in rare cases. For the effectiveness of treatment, the correct selection of antibacterial agents is important. You also need to know the localization of the virus and the spectrum of action in order to establish the correct dosage.

What do doctors prescribe for a viral infection?

Antimicrobial agents are generally preferred general spectrum action, with increased digestibility and low toxicity.

For a viral infection, it is necessary to have a minimal effect of the antimicrobial drug on the beneficial intestinal microflora and the absence of an excess or deficiency of beneficial bacteria in the body when it is used. Names of antibiotics against viruses:

1. Medicines of the penicillin series, which include Oxacillin, as well as Ampiox and Ampicillin. Such drugs have the ability to be instantly absorbed; they effectively eliminate streptococci, pneumococci, and meningococci.
2. Cephalosporin drugs include Cephalexin, Cefazolin, and Cephaloridine. The medications are considered low-toxic, act against both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and can also suppress penicillin-resistant viruses.
3. Macrolides are Erythromycin and Azithromycin, which are designed to suppress the spread of pathogens.
4. Tetracyclines include Doxycycline and Tetracycline. Medicines prevent protein synthesis in cells.
5. For severe infections, aminoglycosides are used, which include Gentamicin and Amikacin.
6. Other groups of antibiotics that act on viruses include Lincomycin and Rifampicin.

When combining a bacterial intestinal infection with a rotavirus, patients can use Enterofuril, Furazolidone and other antimicrobial agents. They help prevent prolonged diarrhea (diarrhea). As a rule, these medications are prescribed based on test results.

Among the most common symptoms that confirm the addition of a bacterial infection are sudden changes in temperature and the nature of bowel movements.

Result of improper treatment

The most dangerous consequences of rotavirus for a child may be critical dehydration and quick loss weight. The younger the patient is, the more serious the problem will be with this condition. Dehydration during the rotavirus pathological process usually entails:

1. The occurrence of pneumonia, since with the loss of fluid the blood becomes thicker and the pathological secretion also becomes thicker, which disrupts the functioning of the lungs, as well as the bronchi and cardiovascular system.
2. The stability of the central nervous system is disrupted. Complications include spasms and loss of consciousness. Due to sodium and calcium deficiency, supply failure occurs electrical signals that pass through cells. They mix, which provokes involuntary muscle contractions.
3. If there is insufficient blood volume, a sharp decrease in pressure can be observed, as well as a decrease in oxygen levels, and hypovolemic shock is possible.

What really helps in the fight against viral diseases

Is the virus treated with antibiotics? Antimicrobials are drugs, mostly of natural origin, that fight bacterial pathogens. But they, as noted above, are absolutely useless against viruses, since the latter is considered an extracellular agent, which is not affected by antibacterial treatment.

To eliminate the virus, you can use antiviral medications and medications that can not only resist the attack of a foreign microorganism, but will also be effective in preventing subsequent infections. You need to know that antimicrobial drugs are useless and even harmful for a virus.

Since viral infections can provoke serious illnesses (for example, of the upper respiratory tract), there are certain antiviral drugs that eliminate this pathology.

The following is used against influenza virus, ARVI and respiratory diseases:

1. "Orvir", "Mindathan" for group A influenza.
2. "Arbidol", "Aflubin", "Amiksin", "Tamiflu" are suitable for influenza categories B, C and ARVI.
3. "Ribavirin" is effective against respiratory infections.

"Acyclovir" effective remedy against the herpes virus, is not an antibiotic.

For contagious lesions:

1. "Metisazan" for common smallpox.
2. "Acyclovir" for shingles and chickenpox.

Antimicrobial drugs eliminate most diseases. However, they have proven themselves not only as bacteria eradicators, but also as pests for human health. Antiviral medications and medications also cannot be considered safe.

"Interferon Alpha-2B"

For example, for ARVI and influenza, many patients take the antiviral drug Interferon Alpha-2B. He does his job wonderfully. But the use of this medication is fraught with negative consequences for the body. Like an antibiotic, an antiviral medicine has certain contraindications.

For example, Interferon Alpha-2B can provoke:

1. Allergic reactions.
2. Skin itching.
3. Stomach upset.

It is important to note that the above reactions may occur in those patients who are prohibited from using this medication:

1. During pregnancy.
2. During lactation.
3. For infants and children under three years of age.
4. For people of retirement age.
5. In case of acute drug intolerance in a patient.

Undoubtedly, when the first symptoms of infection appear, you should contact a medical specialist. Before taking any drug, you must consult a doctor and first undergo tests.

Only a doctor can prescribe antibacterial agents to a child. At the same time, incorrect prescription of the drug can lead to the fact that the next time the child will quickly catch a viral infection, since treatment with the use of antimicrobial drugs causes a significant blow to the child’s immune system.

Prevention methods

The most natural, as well as effective and completely helpful drug for all diseases and infections is not an antibacterial agent, but the human immune system. If it is ok, then the body is fighting the virus or bacteria.

You can also improve your health by hardening yourself with cold and hot water. But while taking a contrast shower is beneficial, drinking cold water is very dangerous. Healthy and natural foods, fruits, vegetables, meat and dairy products also help strengthen the body's defenses.

To viral diseases If you don’t take a person by surprise, you need to get vaccinated.

What are the advantages of vaccination:

1. The body will be able to develop immunity against infection.
2. You don't have to spend money on expensive drugs.
3. Minimum side effects.
4. No contraindications.

Conclusion

Considering all of the above, we can come to the conclusion that sometimes the use of antibacterial agents even in the presence of viral infections becomes a necessity. In this case, only a medical specialist has the right to determine the type of infection and select an effective medicine.

We must always remember that antibiotic therapy:

1. Prescribed by a doctor only to eliminate bacterial infections.
2. Cannot have any effect on the virus and infection, since the antibiotic only eliminates living cells. It is completely useless for a viral infection.

Due to the illiteracy of many people, most of them self-medicate, usually making the wrong diagnosis for themselves. It is important to consider that an antimicrobial drug is considered a powerful medicine, and its effect is aimed not only at neutralizing harmful bacteria, but also at destroying the body’s microflora. This can lead to harmful consequences.

The first step is to consult a medical specialist. You cannot self-medicate! Before using any medication, you need to thoroughly study the instructions for use.

This article talks about what antivirus programs are and what they are, how they differ from each other, and which antivirus is best to install on your computer. First of all, it should be noted that PC security is one of the main conditions for its effective and smooth operation. Any antivirus program is designed to detect malware And computer viruses, which infect files and block the computer.

For smooth and smooth operation of your PC, you only need to install one antivirus program. If you install two or more antiviruses, they will begin to conflict with each other, which will lead to failures in the computer. Before purchasing an antivirus, you can install trial version, which is offered by the developers. It can be calculated from 30 to 90 days. However, there are also free antiviruses that will provide good protection for your computer. The main difference between these antivirus programs from paid ones - this is a special scanner that finds and removes viruses only when you launch it. For those who cannot decide which antivirus is the best, first you need to consider the Doctor Web and Avast products.

Pros and cons of the most popular antiviruses

Kaspersky Internet Security is the most modern antivirus for computers, developed using Kaspersky Lab technologies. Perfect for basic PC protection in the event of an attack by major malware.

• High level of PC protection against malware;
• High speed;
• Quickly check PC files and program reputation;
• Preliminary check of the site using link monitoring before moving to it;
• Lock inappropriate content Anti-Spam and Anti-Banner;
• Excellent compatibility with Microsoft - Windows 8, supporting innovations in the field of IT security.

• Enough high price programs;
• It is heavy and takes up a lot of space in RAM, which affects the performance of the computer;
• When running a full PC scan, other programs should be disabled to reduce the load. In some cases this is not acceptable.

Avast! Free Antivirus and Avast! Internet Security

Avast! Internet Security is one of the best free versions of the antivirus and thanks to technologies such as Antispam Internet Security, SafeZone™, Sandbox, the Firewall provides high protection for your computer when navigating to Internet pages, as well as when making various online transactions. Avast! Free Antivirus is very popular, since the free antiviruses of this developer are almost as good as the paid ones, demonstrating high protection and performance.

• There is a complete free version programs;
• File scanning is performed at high speed;
• Suspicious programs are monitored;
• Blocking malicious sites.

• Free antiviruses do not detect some malware;
• Pop-ups and banners are not blocked.

The Dr.Web anti-virus program is one of the very first and is distinguished by its ability not only to detect and destroy those files that are infected, but also to completely restore them to their original state. Thanks to this, information, possibly very valuable, is completely preserved. The rating of Dr.Web antivirus is one of the highest among its analogues.

• The program has free utility Dr.Web CureIt, with the help of which, without special installation, you can work even on a computer infected with viruses;
• Archives of any level are scanned, thereby identifying packaged malicious products;
• High level of PC protection;
• A random check is being carried out ( RAM, boot sectors, startup objects).

• License cost full version the program is quite high;
• If you register a new license, you must present the serial number or the previous key;
• Curelt updates occur very frequently; therefore, periodic downloading of the updated version is necessary, which is not always acceptable.

NOD32

Many advanced network users are of the opinion that ESET NOD32 is the best antivirus for a computer, which is essentially characterized by some features in the settings of this program.

• Unnecessary letters and advertisements are blocked;
• Protection from hackers and scammers operating on the Internet;
• High level of security on social networks;
• Are blocked spyware and phishing sites.

• Doesn't happen complete removal antivirus program from a PC. The program persists on some elements and leads to a conflict when working with a new antivirus;
• Skips some malware;
• The PC scan takes quite a long time;
• High cost of a licensed product.

Which antivirus program to choose?

From the above description of the pros and cons of different antivirus programs, you can already roughly imagine which antivirus is the best for your computer. However, in order to make it easier to make a choice, you need to clearly know what you will use the computer for. If you only plan to play games on it, then it is better to install free program such as Avast! If you are going to not only have fun, but also work, then it is better to install paid antivirus, for example Kaspersky Internet Security.

If you purchased a netbook, the protection system is slightly different. You can install a free antivirus for your computer Avast! and check your PC about once a month with the Dr.Web Curelt! utility. Such a protection system will not take up many resources from the computer, which is a big plus, because a netbook is not very powerful compared to many PCs.

Having considered all the pros and cons of different antivirus programs, you just have to make a choice in favor of the most optimal protection for your computer, taking into account the antivirus rating, its cost and capabilities, as well as based on the purpose of the PC and its power.